Ingelesezko hiztegia: gaiak eta gramatika-oinarriak

Gai 1: Entretenimendua

Hiztegia: album/appearance (itxura)/audience (publikoa)/audition (entzunaldia)/backstage/ballet/band (musika-taldea)/celebrity (ospetsua)/CD/DVD/choir (abesbatza)/contestant (lehiakidea)/debut/fan/flop (porrota)/gig (emanaldia/bolo)/opera/miss (galdu/huts egin)/musical/musical instrument/performance (ikuskizuna)/producer (ekoizlea)/show/single/stadium (estadioa)/stardom (izarkeria)/superstar

Telebista-programak

tv programs: cartoon (dibujo animatuak)/chat show (elkarrizketa-programa)/documentary (dokumentala)/drama/news (albisteak)/quiz show (galdera-lehiaketa)/reality TV/soap opera (telenobela)

Phrasal verbs

come along (aurrera egin)/end up (amaitu)/get through (gainditu)/go for (aukeratu)/set out (abiatu edo prestatu)/onlookers (ikusleak)/song-writing (kantu-idazketa)/unaffected (naturala)/get nowhere (ezer lortu gabe)/phenomenal/trial (saiakera)

Gai 2: Natura

Hiztegia: Avalanche (lehia)/become extinct (desagertu)/earthquake (lurrikara)/breeze (haizetxoa)/drought (lehorte)/endanger (arriskuan jarri)/environment (ingurumena)/floods (uholdeak)/foggy (lainotsu)/forest (basoa)/frosty (izozkia)/gale (ekaitz-haizea)/habitat (habitata)/heatwave (bero-olatua)/jaws (masailezurra)/lightning (tximista)/marsh (padura)/nature reserve (natur erreserba)/parched (lehor)/pollute (kutsatu)/predator (harraparia)/prey (harrapakina)/shade (itzala)/species (espezie)/thunder (trumoia)/recycle (birziklatu)/vet (albaitaria)/waste (xahutu)

Phrasal verbs

come about (gertatu)/come across (topatu)/come back (itzuli)/come from (etorri)/come up (sortu)/cut down (moztu)/give up (utzi)/go back (atzera egin)/go for (aukeratu)/go on (jarraitu)/run out of (agortu)/throw away (bota)

Beste hitz batzuk

branch (adar)/disturb (asaldatu)/grab (atzeman)/grip (heldu)/struggle (borroka)/survive/survival/wood/wild (basatia)/go green (ekologikoa izan)/greenhouse gas (berotegi-efektuko gasa)/ozone layer (ozono-geruza)/tidal wave (olatu handia)

Gai 3: Lana

Hiztegia: ambition (anbizioa)/apply for a job (lana eskatu)/applicant (hautagaia)/contract (kontratua)/earn (irabazi)/employee (langilea)/employer (enplegatzailea)/field (eremua)/fire (kaleratu)/interview (elkarrizketa)/job (lana)/motivation (motibazioa)/profession (lanbidea)/promote (sustatu)/qualification (titulua)/reference (erreferentzia)/resign (dimisioa eman)/retire (erretiratu)/salary (soldata)/self-employed (autonomoa)/unemployed (langabetua)/volunteer work (boluntariotza)/work experience (lan-esperientzia)

Lan motak

car mechanic (automobil mekanikaria)/charity fundraiser (dirubilketa-langilea)/flight attendant (hegazkin-azafata)/veterinary surgeon (albaitari-zirujaua)/do overtime (ordu gehigarriak egin)/earn a living (bizimodua atera)/get a pension (pentsioa jaso)/get a promotion (promozioa lortu)

Kolokazioak

go on strike (greba egin)/holiday allowance (oporretako ordainketa)

Phrasal verbs

fill in (bete)/get off (jaitsi)/run out (agortu)/start up (martxan jarri)/take on (hartu)/take over (hartu/kargu hartu)/on foot (oinez)/on purpose (kausaz)/out of work (langabetu)/under pressure (presioapean)/careful (kontuz)/hopeful (itxaropentsu)/thoughtful (adeitsua)/careless (axolagabea)/hopeless (ezin)/thoughtless (axolarik gabea)

Gai 4: Familia-harremanak

Hiztegia: argue (eztabaidatu)/bully (jazarle)/close (hurbil)/dispute (eztabaida)/divorced (dibortziatua)/father-/mother-in-law (aita-/ama-ordea)/grandmother or grandfather/great-grandmother (birbiloba)/have a bad temper (haserrekorra izan)/lose your temper (haserretu)/nag (kexatu)/niece and nephew (iloba-biloba)/remarry (berriz ezkondu)/relationship (harremana)/respect (errespetua)/role model (eredua)/shout (oihu egin)/stepfather (aitapuska)/moody (aldakorra)/chatty (solastia)

Personality adjectives

arrogant (harro)/badly-behaved (portaera txarrekoa)/disrespectful (errespetu gabea)/widow and widower (alarguna)/easy-going (erraza)/funny (dibertigarria)/generous (eskuzabala)/insensitive (sentikorra ez)/kind (adeitsua)/jealous (jeloskorra)/mean (koskorra)/patient (pazientea)/rude (zakarra)/rebellious (matxinoa)/spoiled (mimatua)/stubborn (burugogorra)

Phrasal verbs

be left out of something (kanpoan geratu)/face up to something (aurre egin)/fit in with something (bat etorri)/keep up with somebody (jarraitu)/stand up to somebody (aurre egin)/talk somebody into something (konbentzitu)/break up with (hautsi)/fall out with (haserretu)/get away with (ihes egin)/get on well with (ondo moldatu)/hang around with somebody (ibili)/let somebody down (hutsegitea)/take after (antzeko izan)

Idiomak

a waste of time (denbora-galera)/be good friends with somebody (laguntasunez)/be rude to someone (zakarra izan)/call somebody names (izenez deitu)/do something as a last resort (azken aukera gisa)/envy (envidia)/get on well (ondo moldatu)/have a trick up your sleeve (trikimailua izan)/in the middle of nowhere (inon ez)/have something in common with (zerbait partekatu)/laugh at somebody (barre egin)/out of control (kontrolik gabe)/mess somebody about (nahastu)/stay out late (berandu egon)/teenager from hell (nerabe txarra)/brat (mimatua)/mess (nahasmena)/untidy (zikina)/swear (zin egin)

Gai 6: Gorputzeko zatiak

Zatiak: ankle (orkatila), chin (kokotsa), eyebrows (betazalak), heart (bihotza), lungs (birikak), shoulder (sorbaldia), thigh (izterra), thumb (koskor), vein (zainak), chest (bularra), elbow (ukondoa), forehead (kopetak), hips (aldakak), muscles (muskuluak), stomach (sabela), throat (eztarria), tongue (mihia), wrist (eskumuturra)

Ezaugarri fisikoak

blemishes (orbanak), body piercing (gorputz-zulaketa), double chin (kokots bikoitza), dyed hair (ile tindatua), freckles (pekak), hairstyle (ile-moldea), lines (marrak), make up (maketa), spots (orban/lunarrak), tattoo (tatuajea), tan (larrutzea), wrinkles (zimurrak)

Itxurako adjektiboak

attractive (erakargarria), beautiful (ederra), curvy (kurbadun), elegant (dotorea), fabulous (ikusgarria), fit (sendoa), glamorous (distiratsua), gorgeous (ederra), hunky (sendoa), muscular (muskulutsua), plain (arrunta), plump (lodia), shabby (zimela), skinny (oso mehea), slim (estua), stocky (zabala eta sendoa), stunning (liluragarria), trendy (modan dagoena)

Gorputzeko adierazpenak

to be a pain in the neck (pisua izan), to be on the tip of one's tongue (ahoan izan), to give someone a hand (laguntza eman), to have a big head (harro egon), to have one's head in the clouds (ametsetan egon), to keep an eye on (begiratu), to pull someone's leg (txantxetan ibili), to put one's foot in it (oker hitz egin)

Phrasal verbs eta kolokazioak

call something off (bertan behera utzi)/end up (amaitu)/look after (zaindu)/up to somebody (erabakitzea)/put somebody up to something (bultzatu). Go on a diet (dieta egin)/look good (itxura ona izan)/make an impression (eragina izan)/pump iron (pisuak altxatu)/waste time (denbora galdu)/zap spots (granoak kendu)

Gai 7: Zientzia eta teknologia

Hiztegia: appliance (etxetresna)/cursor (kurtsorea)/fix (konpondu)/hand-held device (eskuko gailua)/hands-on (praktikoa)/high-tech (goi-teknologia)/measure (neurtu)/spacecraft (espazio-ontzia)/switch (aldatu)/wire (kablea)

Phrasal verbs eta esamoldeak

collect data (datuak bildu)/conduct research (ikerketa egin)/follow a procedure (prozedura jarraitu)/set up an experiment (esperimentua prestatu)/surf the internet (internetean nabigatu)/be fed up with (nazkatu)/be to do with (zerikusia izan)/knock somebody out (kolpatu)/look for (bilatu)/put on (jarri)/turn somebody down (ukatu)/far-fetched (inverosimila)/it's down to the fact that (horren arrazoia da)/it's driving me mad (eroak nau)

Gramatika

Ariketak

a) Elena asked Cecilia how long she had been thinking about it. b) Students don't have to do/needn't do/don't need to do their English homework every day. c) The better you do the exercises, the faster the teachers will grade the exam. d) English, which my teachers make fun and easy, is my favourite subject. e) We decided to spend the day outdoors despite the fact that it was raining.

a) I wish I had seen Diego's speaking exam. b) If Chicho hadn't made a great effort, he wouldn't have made such a great speaking exam. c) If Jorge had put on a coat, he wouldn't be so cold now. d) Mario and Adrián would have done their homework if they hadn't been partying all the weekend. e) Tone will pass the exam as long as he studies hard.

a) Marta is being bought a plastic pony for her birthday. b) Alfredo was thought to be hiding a big secret. c) What was found by Dani under the desk? d) Claudia is going to have her hair dyed by her friends. e) How many songs have been rehearsed by Mart?

Pasiba inpertsonala

1) It + be + said/told + that + clause. 2) Subject + be + said/told + to infinitive. Present simple → futur simple; past simple → past perfect; present continuous → past continuous; present perfect → future perfect.

Condicionalak

0. mota: egia orokorrak (present simple – present simple). 1. mota: baldintza posiblea eta emaitza probablea (present simple – future simple). 2. mota: baldintza hipotetikoa (past simple – present continuous). Mistoa: iraganeko baldintza ez-errealak (past perfect – present conditional).

Reported speech

present simple → past simple; past simple → past perfect; present perfect → past perfect; future → would.

Denborak

Past perfect simple: had + participio (zen izan). Past perfect continuous: had been + -ing. Present perfect: have/has + participio. Present perfect continuous: have/has been + -ing.

Ekonomialariak

• Adam Smith (Erresuma Batua, 1723-1790): ekonomiaren aita. Herrialdeen aberastasuna lanean libre merkatua eta gutxieneko estatu-esku-hartzea defendatu zituen.
• Galbraith (1908-2006): Ekonomiaren sarrera liburuaren egilea. Ekonomia bizitzaren zati gisa ulertzea proposatu zuen.
• Karl Marx (1818-1883): filosofo eta ekonomialaria. Ekonomia zentralizatuaren sistema proposatu zuen. Das Kapital lanaren egilea.
• E. H. Chamberlin: AEBetako ekonomialaria, Lehia monopolistikoaren teoria liburuaren egilea.
• John Nash: AEBetako matematikaria, jokoen teorian oligopolio kolusiboari eta ez-kolusiboari buruzko ekarpenengatik ezaguna.
• Keynes: XX. mendeko ekonomialari ingelesa. Estatuaren esku-hartzea defendatu zuen merkatu-hutsegiteei aurre egiteko.
• Malthus (Erresuma Batua, 1766-1834): populazioaren kontrola. Populazioaren hazkunde handiak etorkizunean garapen jasangaitza eragingo duela uste zuen.
• Robert Solow: AEBetako ekonomialaria, hazkunde ekonomikoaren teoriagatik ezaguna.
• Milton Friedman: AEBetako ekonomialaria, Chicagoko eskolakoa. Libre merkatua defendatu zuen, politika monetarioaren bidez egonkortasun ekonomikoa lortzeko.
• David Ricardo (Erresuma Batua, 1772): alderaketa-abantailaren teoriaren egilea.